Psychology

Kim A. Bard

Prof. Kim A. Bard

Professor of Comparative Developmental Psychology

Psychology

kim.bard@port.ac.uk

Profile



BACKGROUND

KIM A. BARD is Professor of Comparative Developmental Psychology and Director of the Centre for the Study of Emotion at the University of Portsmouth, UK.  Prior to arriving at Portsmouth, she was Research Scientist at Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, where she investigated the roles of emotion and socialization in early development, and designed a Responsive Care Nursery for chimpanzees to enhance their species-typical development.  She received her BA with Honors from Wheaton College, and her PhD from Georgia State University, based on fieldwork with orangutans in Borneo, Indonesia.  She currently serves on the Science, Research, & Practice Advisory Board of the Down Syndrome Educational Trust, UK, on the Advisory Board of Primates and is Associate Editor of the British Journal of Psychology.  Prof. Bard has more than 50 peer-reviewed publications and 29 book chapters  (see CV).



TEACHING RESPONSIBILITIES

Prof. Bard teaches on the BSc (Hons) Psychology course in her specialty areas of comparative psychology, infancy, observational methods, and emotional development. She supervises honours projects that involve early social cognition, nonhuman primates, and emotional development, in addition to projects that use observational or ethological methods. Dr. Bard teaches on the ESRC-recognized MSc Psychological Research Methods in the Study of Emotion, and supervises postgraduate researchers-in-training.


RESEARCH INTERESTS

Kim Bard has a distinctive perspective, which concerns understanding the process of development in evolution.  She conducts empirical studies with an eye to clarifying universal and species-specific characteristics of humans and great apes.  Her studies of social cognition suggest that humans and great apes share a large degree of plasticity, especially in early socio-emotional communicative abilities.  These social cognitive abilities include intentional and referential communication, and social referencing (i.e., the ability to seek information from a caregiver about novel objects and use that emotional information to regulate behaviour).  The study of these abilities across species leads to better understanding of the precursors, contexts, and sequelae of social cognition in human development.

SELECTED PUBLICATIONS

Emotion & Social cognition: Attention, intentional communication, imitation, and social referencing

  • van IJzendoorn, M.H., Bard, K.A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. & Ivan, K. (2009).  Enhancement of attachment and cognitive development of young nursery-reared chimpanzees in responsive versus standard care.  Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 173-185.
  • Bard, K.A. & Leavens, D.A. (2009).  Socio-emotional factors in the development of joint attention in human and ape infants.  In L. Roska-Hardy & E. Neumann-Held (Eds.), Learning from animals? Examining the nature of human uniqueness (pp. 89-104). London: Psychology Press.
  • Leavens, D.A., Hopkins, W.D., & Bard, K.A. (2008).  The heterochronic origins of explicit reference.  In J. Zlatev, T. P. Racine, C. Sinha & E. Itkonen (Eds.) The Shared Mind: Perspectives on Intersubjectivity, pp.185-214.  Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
  • Bard, K.A. (2007).  Neonatal imitation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) tested with two paradigms.  Animal Cognition, 10, 233-242.
  • Bethell, E., Vick, S-J., & Bard, K.A. (2007).  Measurement of eye gaze in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  American Journal of Primatology, 69, 562-575.
  • Bard, K.A., Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Tomonaga, M., Tanaka, M., Costall, A., & Matsuzawa, T. (2005).   Group differences in the mutual gaze of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Developmental Psychology, 41, 616-624.    
  • Leavens, D.A., Hopkins, W.D., & Bard, K.A. (2005).  Understanding the point of chimpanzee pointing:  Epigenesis and ecological validity.  Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 185-189.
  • Bard, K.A. Leavens, D.A., Custance, D., Vančatova΄, M., Keller, H., Benga, O., & Sousa, C. (2005).  Emotion cognition: Comparative perspectives on the social cognition of emotion.  Cognitie, Creier, Comportament (Cognition, Brain, Behavior), Special Issue: "Typical and atypical development", VIII, 351-362.
  • Tomonaga, M., Tanaka, M., Matsuzawa, T., Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., Kosugi, D., Mizuno, Y., Okamoto, S., Yamaguchi, M., & Bard, K.A. (2004).  Development of social cognition in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Face recognition, smiling, gaze, and the lack of triadic interactions.  Japanese Psychological Research, 46, 227-235.
  • Bard, K.A. (1998).  Social-experiential contributions to imitation and emotion in chimpanzees.  In: S. Braten (Ed.).  Intersubjective communication and emotion in early ontogeny: A source book, pp. 208-227.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  • Russell, C.L., Bard, K.A., & Adamson, L.B. (1997).  Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  Journal of Comparative Psychology, 111, 185-193.
  • Bard, K.A., & Gardner, K.H. (1996).  Influences on development in infant chimpanzees:  Enculturation, temperament, and cognition.  In A. Russon, K. Bard, & S. T. Parker (Ed.) Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes, pp. 235-256. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bard, K.A. (1996).  Responsive Care: Behavioral intervention for nursery-reared chimpanzees, The 1996 ChimpanZoo Conference V.I. Landau (Ed).  Tucson, AZ: ChimpanZoo, Sponsored Program of the Jane Goodall Institute.
  • Custance, D., Whiten, A., & Bard, K.A. (1995).  Can young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) imitate arbitrary actions?  Hayes & Hayes (1952) revisited. Behaviour, 132, 837-859.
  • Bard, K.A.  (1992). Intentional behavior and intentional communication in young free-ranging orangutans.  Child Development, 63, 1186-1197.
  • Bard, K.A.  (1990a). "Social Tool Use" by free-ranging orangutans: A Piagetian and developmental perspective on the manipulation of an animate object.  In S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (Eds).  "Language" and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes:  Comparative developmental perspectives (pp. 356-378).  New York: Cambridge University Press.

Emotion & Expression

  • Bard, K.A. (2009).  Development of emotional expression in chimpanzee and human infants.  Psychological Bulletin of Novosibirsk State University, Russia.
  • Beck, A., Stevens, B., & Bard, KA (2008).  Extending the media equation to emotions: an approach for assessing realistic emotional characters.  Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, Volume 6 (summer), 29-33.
  • Parr, LA., Waller, BM, Vick, SJ, & Bard, KA (2007) Classifying chimpanzee facial displays by muscle action.  Emotion, 7, 172-181.
  • Vick, S-J, Waller, B., Parr, L., Smith Pasqualini, M., & Bard, K.A. (2007).  A cross species comparison of facial morphology and movement in humans and chimpanzees using FACS. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31, 1-20.
  • Waller, B., Bard, K.A.  Vick, S-J., & Smith Pasqualini, M. (2007). Physical comparisons between chimpanzee and human facial expressions are related to emotional interpretation.  Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121, 398-404.
  • Bard, K.A. (2005).  Emotions in chimpanzee infants: The value of a comparative developmental approach to understand the evolutionary bases of emotion.  In J. Nadel and D. Muir (Eds).  Emotional development, pp. 31-60. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Bard, K.A. (2003). Development of emotional expressions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000, 88-90.   P. Ekman, J.J. Campos, R.J. Davidson, & F.B.M. de Waal (Eds) Emotions Inside Out: 130 Years after Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
  • Bard, K.A. (1998).  Neonatal neurobehavioral correlates of lateral bias and affect in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 471-494.
  • Beck, A., Stevens, B., Van De Walle, G., & Bard, K.A. (in press).  Comparing perception of affective body movements displayed by actors and animated characters.  Proceedings of the AISB 2009 conference on Adaptive & Emergent Behaviour and Complex Systems: Affective bodily expression.
  • Bard, KA, Gaspar, A., & Vick, S-J (in press).  Chimpanzee faces under the magnifying glass: Emerging methods reveal cross-species similarities and individuality.  To appear in A. Weiss, J. King, & L. Murray (eds). Personality and Behavioral Syndromes in Nonhuman Primates, Springer-Verlag.
  • Thorsteinsson, K. & Bard, K.A. (in press). Coding Infant Chimpanzee Facial Expressions of Joy.  In D. Pecham & E. Braenninger-Huber (eds) Proceedings of the FACS workshop 2007. Innsbruck, Austria: Innsbruck University Press.

The Self

  • Knight, S., Vrij, A., Bard, K., & Brandon, D. (2009). Science versus animal welfare: Understanding attitudes toward animal use.  Journal of Social Issues: New Perspectives on Human-Animal Interactions: Theory, Policy and Research.
  • Bard, KA (2008).  Understanding reflections of self and other objects. In C. Lange-Kuttner, & A. Vinter (eds.), Drawing and the Non-Verbal Mind. A Life-Span Perspective, pp. 23-41. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bard, K.A., Todd, B., Bernier, C., Love, J., & Leavens, D.A. (2006).  Self-awareness in human and chimpanzee infants: What is measured and what is meant by the mirror-and-mark test?  Infancy, 9, 185-213.
  • Lin, A., Bard, K.A., & Anderson, J.R.  (1992). Development of self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).  Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 120-127.
  • Boysen, S.T. & Bard, K.A. (in press).  Chimpanzee spatial skills:  A model for children’s performance on scale model tasks?  In F. Dolins & R. Mitchell (eds), Spatial perception, spatial cognition: Mapping the self and space.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

GRANT S

KA Bard, PI, 2002-2005, The Leverhulme Trust, Research Interchange Grant entitled “Chimpanzee Emotions: Development of a facial action coding system” (£128,031). See www.chimpfacs.com

Dr. Lola Canamero, Project leader, University of Herfordshire, 2006-2010, EU-FP6-2005-IST-6, “FEELIX GROWING: FEEL, Interact, eXpress: a Global appRoach to develOpment With INterdisciplinary Grounding”, (total costs 2,549,500 euros). KA Bard is the PI for University of Portsmouth partner participation (£162,913). See www.feelixgrowing.org

PHD SUPERVISIONS

Kirsty Ross (ESRC 2005-2008); Vanessa Herring (part-time, 2004-2010); Kate Thorsteinsson (EC-FP6-IST, 2006-2010); Jacqueline Lock, second supervisor (ESRC 2005-2010); Ariel Beck, third supervisor (ExPERT Centre & Creative Technologies, 2006-2009).

Successful completions: Lisa Lane (2008); Sid Carter (2007); Sarah Knight (2006); Bridget Waller (2005)


POST DOCTORAL RESEARCH FELLOWS:

Dr. Marina Davila Ross, EC-FP6-IST grant; Dr. Sarah Knight, ESRC grant; Dr. Gillian S. Forrester, University of Sussex, Daphne Jackson Fellowship; Dr. Sarah-Jane Vick and Dr. Bridget Waller, The Levehulme Trust grant.